![]() This can lead to difficulty in producing stable inks for electrode coatings. The absorption of carbonates and water onto the surface of the materials can produce an alkalinity, as has been shown for LiNi 0.8Mn 0.1Co 0.1O 2 (NMC-811) powder and other layered oxide materials. Temperatures as high as 120☌ are recommended to remove the residual traces of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and water. Therefore, care must be taken to dry the materials completely before use. Residual moisture in the electrodes after manufacturing also reduces the lifetime and performance of the electrodes. ![]() The point at which the electrodes become unusable is a fine balance, and the exposure to air both in a dry room and in atmospheric conditions can affect the lifetime and performance of a cell quite dramatically. The materials degrade during storage, however, the ‘use-by date’ of the components is not fully understood. One aspect of manufacturing that needs to be considered is the storage and handling time for the components during manufacture the tight controls required add logistical issues to the supply and storage of materials and can add additional costs with increased scrap rates if not correct. Although the manufacturing processes are very similar to those used at the time of their introduction, the tolerances and control of the materials handling during manufacturing has improved and, consequently, the performances of the cells have improved. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were introduced to the masses in 1990 by Sony. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Energy materials for a low carbon future’. We propose that the electrodes and electrolytes should be used immediately after manufacture however, we propose alternative methods for storage in case this is not possible. We note that all storage affects the electrochemical performance, even storage in a vacuum oven or dry room. The materials are stored either in a dry room, vacuum oven or in a laboratory environment and the effect of the atmosphere upon the degradation components of the electrodes and electrolyte is characterized by analytical surface techniques and electrochemical analysis. Here, we discuss some of the time limitations and degradation issues observed during the manufacturing and testing of the components from an industrially sourced LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 (NMC-622)//graphite cell, and the affect that the component storage has, upon both the performance and the properties of the materials and cells. One of the least understood aspects in academia is the effect of degradation of the materials during the manufacturing processes or the ‘shelf-life’ of the materials and components. ![]() Many aspects of the manufacturing process can affect the performance of a lithium-ion cell. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing is based around the slurry tape casting of electrodes followed by the assembly of the dried electrodes into cells with a separator and electrolyte. ![]()
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